Bbc Media Coverage Analysis Essay - 1420 Words

This essay will argue that whilst the BBC media coverage of my chosen article has good attributes, there is a lack of extensiveness and some of the information that is presented to the reader is misleading. Throughout this essay I will analyse the original research study and compare the findings to previous research. Secondly, an analysis of the media’s article will be conducted, before comparing it the research study. Lastly, I will conclude that the BBC’s representation of the study is imprecise and biased as they excluded limitations and misrepresented the method and findings, thus impacting the readers ability to acquire precise and impartial information. Alloway, McCallum, Alloway and Hoicka (2015) recruited participants between the ages of six and seven to assess whether verbal working memory (WM) has a significant influence on verbal deceptive abilities in children. They used an independent groups design to compare the results of verbal and visuospatial WM memory between the experimental condition which had 114 participants and the control condition had 21 participants. The children played a multiple choice trivia game and were categorised as being good liars (GL) or bad liars (BL) based on how they answered entrapment questions, which were used to detect which children looked at the answer when the experimenter wasn’t present. Subsequently, the researchers conducted a letter recall task which assessed participant’s verbal WM abilities and a shape recall test examinedShow MoreRelatedThe Media Regulation Of The Uk1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe media regulation in the U.K. is more extensive compared to the U.S. Ofcom is an independent regulator and competition authority across television, radio etc. The PCC, also an independent body, deals with complaints from members of the public about editorial content of newspaper and magazines. The behavior of media is far more regulated in Britain compared to the U.S. In U.S. the views can complain about the content to individual media outlets but in Britain the complaints are published on variousRead MoreThe Differences Between Media And The Paris And Beirut Attacks1403 Words   |  6 PagesSUMMARY 108 WORDS â€Å"Yes, the media covered both the Paris and Beirut attacks, as it covers most acts of terrorism. But it did not cover them in the same way† (Ajaka, 2015), a quote I found very interesting by Ajaka, written in The Article, speaks for itself. My concerns with this problem are that it doesn’t show equality in human, it lacks ethical approaches in some media. In this paper I will be tackling the difference between media in Lebanon and in Paris, concerning both terrorist attacksRead MoreThe Causes And Consequences Of The Media1213 Words   |  5 Pagesnewspaper, â€Å"Sky News† channel and â€Å"Aljazeera.com† are three distinct platforms I selected to monitor. This is mainly because of their reputation and political dissimilarities. These UK-based media platforms were expected, in such a case of Catalonia, to report this story in depth. My analysis of the coverage will follow the chronological order of these platforms, which is the same historical ap pearance of newspapers, television and Internet. This may also facilitate how we understand the strengthsRead MoreA Study On Corporate Ownership And News Bias1189 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate ownership and news bias through the newspaper coverage of the 1996 Telecommunication Act addressing the claim: â€Å"Financial interests of corporate owners lead America’s news bureaus to downplay the significant issues surrounding the growing concentration of ownership of the country’s mass media† (Martin and Hertzman, 2000.) These researchers affirm that it is impossible to think of any democratic society deprived of the mass media because in such utopist environment the citizens would missRead MoreThe Letting Agencies1618 Words   |  6 Pages......2 †¢ Tactics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........................2 †¢ Audience and key messages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 †¢ Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .6 †¢ Communication tools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 †¢ Activity schedule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 †¢ Swot Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 †¢ Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 Research: Drawing on research carried out, the follow facts and figures have been highlighted as the most important: †¢ ‘1.6 million children in Britain live in housing that is overcrowdedRead MoreSherlock Holmes: A Timeless Victorian Creation Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesVictorian era. Holmes persists as remakes and reincarnations of the Sherlock character keep the mastermind relevant. While the modernization of Sherlock creates a personal connection between the reader and Sherlock in â€Å"A Scandal in Belgravia,† the BBC adaptation dilutes Sherlock’s character from a distinguished genius to a mere detective. In the story â€Å"A Scandal in Bohemia,† we get a glimpse of Holmes’s character, a natural mastermind, through John Watsons narration. As with any narrated sceneRead MoreEssay on Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Presidential Election1542 Words   |  7 PagesTimes, tend to be more informative on the issue, there is a large variety of media sources that try to bring the issue of Israel and the Palestinians to the forefront. However, what is lacking is coverage of how American policy factors into the pending presidential election. Who stands for what, and how does it affect the vote? These questions appear to be largely unanswered by standard news sources. MEDIA COVERAGE Over the past several weeks, the situation in Israel and the occupiedRead MoreRepresentations Of Religion And Western Media1499 Words   |  6 PagesRepresentations of Religion in Western Media Islam There is a current obsession in western media, (during the last decade) pertaining to â€Å"Islam and the West†. This current obsession is filled with negative signifiers with the global media’s predominantly negative, and to an extent racist portrayal of Islam and Muslims. Muslims are generally represented as violent, fanatical, bigoted, or as extremists and terrorists. Media coverage of Islam-related issues has changed drastically since the start ofRead MoreThe Creation of Excitement in Sports Commentaries Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The 2012 London Olympics was a phenomenal media event, with the BBC reporting that 90% of the UK population tuned in to watch at least fifteen minutes of the television coverage. Televised sport regularly boasts impressive viewing figures, but the Olympic Games generally entices the public more than most, with people all over the world encapsulated by the international contests. On Saturday 11th August 2012, Mo Farah won the Olympic gold medal for the men’s 5000m race to secure a historicRead MoreMarket Research Report about Wales Recycling Campaign1734 Words   |  7 Pagesrecycling campaign will be analysed. Next, some primary researches about Welsh recycling condition will be showed. Furthermore, according to the previous analysis, the main issues faced by the Welsh Assembly Government will be summarized. Finally, we will put up the objectives and target publics for further campaign. 2.Existing Campaign Analysis In current, the campaign of Welsh recycling is mainly managed by Waste Awareness Wales (WAW), which funded by the Welsh Assembly Government since 2002 and

Global Community Assessment Australia - 2232 Words

Global Community Assessment: Australia The sound of the engine was deafening. Then again maybe my heartbeat was the sound pounding in my ears. Sudden panic mixed with excitement over takes me as I think, what have I gotten myself into now?! But, then I look over at my partner in this so crazy it-just-might-work adventure. I take a deep cleansing breath and look at the picture of my boys, which I have secured to my in-flight reading materials. They all said the flight is the worst part, from there the action will be of a different sort. The clinic would be up and running in no time, but first there was some prep work ahead of us. Taking a cue from my partner who is reading up on our assignment of the Indigenous people of†¦show more content†¦It has been noted that these health problems are shown to be a direct component of the disadvantages experienced by this population. Steps are being taken to correct these inequalities by varies agencies and advocacy groups (Australian i ndigenous healthinfonet, 2013). Being a nurse and in Australia has quite a few differences of that in modern-day United States. The relationship with doctors is more informal, and yet the nurse is given less autonomy in care and decisions that are made. There are cultural differences and adjustments that certainly needed to be made. As noted by Smith, Fisher, Mercer ( 2011) when nurses from other countries worked in Western Australia significant social and practice variations for you to be made, this implies that the practice of nursing is shaped and highly influenced by the societal setting in which it is practiced( p.293). Australian Environmental Factors: Access to Care The rural areas in which many indigenous people live limit access to healthcare overall. There is a program in Australia known as the Royal flying Doctor service which enables to get physicians to the more rural areas so people may be treated. This company provides medical and communications to deliver primary healthcare and emergency services to people in rural and remote areas that may otherwise not have access to healthcare. They haveShow MoreRelatedMeningitis: Indigenous People of Australia.700 Words   |  3 PagesMeningitis: Indigenous People of Australia. Meningitis is an infectious disease that can be found within the indigenous Australian community. Incidence and prevalence, when regarding an infectious agent or disease, utilizes measurements to determine new cases and existing cases of a disease process or infectious condition. Mathematical equations are utilized in order to determine and compare the survival or recovery, and duration of diseases ( Stanhope Lancaster, 2011).The incidence and prevalenceRead MoreA Study Of A Large Coastal Development Project1266 Words   |  6 PagesIn his text To the Beach: Community Conservation and Its Role in Sustainable Development Thor Kerr presents an illustrative and case study of a large coastal development project in Southern Australia. The framing of this coastal project is indicative of production operating under the ideology of ecological modernization, which functions with the assumption that science and technology can provide the solutions to ecological crisis with the help of ec onomic agents such as innovators, entrepreneursRead MoreThe Impact Of Australian Environmental Impacts On Australia1705 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1: Australia was once one of the healthiest and wealthiest single megadiverse country in the world. Unfortunately, it is now facing serious environmental problems which will affect the future generations. The early signs of the Australian environmental impacts were introduced by the colonial settlement in the 18th -19th century. The coastal population, the bringing of new species, the land degradation and the water conflicts, are the agents that contributed toRead More Thinking and Enquiry Skills in Global Education Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesTo examine and explore what is global citizenship? This essay will look at the importance of becoming a global citizenship, the role we, as educators play in this development and how the curriculum frameworks and associated learning emphases for global education assist in the development of a global citizen. What is global education? â€Å"Global citizenship would seem a recent concept, but its origin can be traced back to at least 4th century Greece when Diogenes declared himself a cosmopolitan –Read MoreInvesting Of Better Health And Safety Systems1477 Words   |  6 Pagessafety systems can provide a net economic legal, or benefit to business, irrespective of whether such investments might also be able to generate net benefits that directly accrue to individual workers, the business overall or the community at large (Work Safe Australia, 2014). This essay defines what is a business case and this management tool can be used to ensure health and safety objectives are met and integrated within a business. It outlines the requirement for a health and safety businessRead MoreThe importance of History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship in the Australian Curriculum943 Words   |  4 Pagesscope, which can be utilised and provide insight. Each discipline has an inimitable nature at their core. History assists with a contextual understanding of culture. It allows for student investigation into personal, family, national, communal and global history. The process of inquiry and analysis of the bias of history (Board of Studies NSW, 2012) helps develop understanding of the world, and when linked with incumbent themes, civics and citizenship it fosters understanding of diversity and culturalRead MoreThe Australian Youth Climate Coalition1232 Words   |  5 PagesSTAGE 2 SOCIETY AND CULTURE ASSESSMENT TYPE 1: FOLIO Task Five: Sources Analysis (Group 2 – People and Environment) The Australian Youth Climate Coalition (AYCC) is a youth organization in Australia. The organization aims to build a generation-wide movement to solve the climate crisis, through uniting diverse youth organizations around this common challenge. The AYCC are trying to Raising awareness on climate change and one of the strategy that they are trying to use is â€Å"think globally, act locally†Read MoreReport On Advance Accounting Theory Standard Of The Rio Tinto1387 Words   |  6 Pagestheory applicable to the Rio Tinto. Report aims to bring the reality vs the claims made by Rio Tinto in serving the community. Non-financial and financial reports has been scrutinized and tested to see the claims made by Rio Tinto are legitimate and fair. Report closely focused on Legitimacy theory, Sustainable development, Social and Environmental Reporting. Different community reach programs developed by Rio Tinto are tested on the grounds of legitimacy and other accounting theories. EffortRead MoreTeaching And Learning Of The 21st Century1098 Words   |  5 PagesStudents explore the ways to be creative and quickly adapt to the world’s changing trends. They develop themselves as masters of the task in hand and as world leaders. Preparing students for the 21st century is not just about technology or skill for the global economy. Today teachers must be innovator, mentors, entrepreneurs, motivator, illuminators and catalysts. Supporting future-oriented learning and teaching – a New Zealand perspective Report has been prepared for the Ministry of Education in 2012.Read MoreGlobal Resource And Food Scarcity1577 Words   |  7 Pageshighlight the existing and future food security and environmental challenges facing the globe, including the unprecedented migration of rural to urban and the implications for food systems and the environment. What does this mean for Australian rural communities who deliver sustainable food production and environmental protection? Focusing on the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales as a case study, this article demonstrates the challenges in making agri-environmental outcomes visible using the collective

Calculate the Total Asset Turnover Free Essays

Question 4: Calculate the total asset turnover, the P, P, E Turnover, and the intangible asset turnover for each of the past two years. Are these turnover ratios increasing or decreasing? What might explain these trends? Total Asset Turnover is a financial ratio that measures the efficiency of company’s use of its assets to product sales. It is a measure of how efficiently management is using the assets at its disposal to promote sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Calculate the Total Asset Turnover or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ratio helps to measure the productivity of a company’s assets. Total Asset Turnover is calculated by Net Sales divided by Total Assets. We had to calculate the Total Asset Turnover, the Property, Plant, and Equipment Turnover, and the Intangible Asset Turnover Ratios in 2010 and 2011 for Johnson and Johnson Company. The below table shows the above ratios in 2010 and 2011. |2010 |2011 | |Total Asset Turnover = |61,587 = |60% |65,030 = |57% | | |102,908 | |113,644 | | | | | | | | |P, P, E Turnover = |61,587 = |4. 3x |65,030 = |4. 41x | | |14,553 | |14,739 | | | | | | | | |Intangible Asset Turnover = |61,587 = |1. 92x |65,030 = |1. 89x | | |32,010 | |34,276 | | For the Total Asset Turnover, there is a decrease from 60% in 2010 to 57% in 2011. For the Property, Plant, and Equipment Turnover, there is an increase from 4. 23 in 2010 to 4. 41 in 2011. For the Intangible Asset Turnover, there is a decrease from 1. 92 in 2010 to 1. 89 in 2011. Increases in the asset turnover ratio over time may indicate a company is growing into its capacity. A decreasing ratio may indicate the opposite. Asset purchases made in anticipation of coming growth (or the sale of unnecessary assets in anticipation of declining growth) can suddenly and somewhat artificially change a company’s asset turnover ratio. How to cite Calculate the Total Asset Turnover, Essay examples

File Management System Of Easy Credit Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the File Management System Of Easy Credit Company. Answer: Introduction The given case study on Easy credit which is the largest credit finance company of Australia states that there has been a decision made with respect to changes in the file management system and installation of a data warehouse. There will be nightly uploads of batch files to the warehouse and risk analyst will be able to access the data from the warehouse. Why change? This change is needed because earlier were required to store the data on D drive and this led to lack of protection of data. The file serverperformsverybadly when the sensitive data is placed on a common drive there are chances that it might get misplaced, misused, deleted etc. therefore there is a big threat to the business information system. It is important to have a change for controllingoverthe use of data for saying who accesses the system and for managing who uses what kind of business information. Systems boundaries In this big data world, information system involves human and machine for higher efficiency and for are applied in multifarious social settings in the global market place. However, in this case the limitation has been of the utilization and participative system designs of the databases. The biggest limitation in this case is that anybody in the business has accessibility to the file server and can store the work files. There isno single control to access the files and they can store whatever they want to. Many people can access the file server at one time there is no control over the usage restrictions are there. Description of existing system The existing system is at high risk because it can be manipulated and has no restrictions. The file server performance needs improvement and many times the reports of teams go missing (Ault, 2013). There are huge numbers of users who are simultaneously accessing the same set of data or trying to upload the files, which lowers the speed of the file server. The existing system also allows the users and workers to upload their personal files into the system, thus hampering the performance of the system. In any case, before putting resources into a data warehouse stage, the initial step is to inspect whether the business truly needs one and what benefits it can get. To achieve this, Easy Credit should consider the two data warehouse organization alternatives - venture wide or department- wise. At last, the firm should have the capacity to coordinate the different applications for data warehousing to the most proper data warehouse platforms. Description of key objectives, tasks, outputs The key objective is to replace the file server with the data warehouse. The main tasks will include upgrading of the file management system and installation of a data warehouse with the nightly uploads of batch files. This way the risk analysts will be capable of accessing the data from the warehouse, along with storage of the results. This warehouse will act as a storage space for the analysts too and the space that was used earlier for saving the outcomes of assessment i.e. the D drive will be saved for other uses. Diagnosis of efficiency needs There are ethical impacts when Easy Credits use learning algorithms to big data sets and produce prototypes and models. To know how the utilization of a data warehousing tool can lead to ethical issues and protection breaches, the Easy Credits has understand the fundamentals of what data warehousing can do. Data warehousing is useful and efficient as it fetches more levels of reliance with superior levels of information at its disposal (Naeem, Dobbie and Weber, 2011). Diagnosis of job satisfaction needs The most excellent decisions are made when all the important data available is considered. The most excellent possible source for that information is a well-made data warehouse (Agosta, 2012). The conception of data warehousing is deceivingly uncomplicated. Data is extorted sometimes from the applications that maintain business procedures and replicated onto extraordinary committed computers. Future Analysis Creating data warehouses had been difficult in the past (Corey, 2011). A lot of early users saw it to be expensive, time consuming, and resource demanding. With the passing of years, it has got a status for being uncertain (Golfarelli and Rizzi, 2009). This is particularly right for those who have attempted to make the data warehouses themselves devoid of the assistance of genuine specialists. Specifying weighting of efficiency job satisfaction needs objectives The most excellent data warehouses comprise of a well-off range of helpful metadata fields (Kumar Madria, 2014). The highly complex aspect regarding making of a great data warehouse is the plan of the data model with which it will be created. Decisions have to be made for the data warehousing field names. References Agosta, L. (2012). The essential guide to data warehousing. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall PTR. Ault, M. (2013).Oracle data warehouse management. Kittrell, N.C.: Rampant TechPress. Corey, M. (2011).Oracle8i data warehousing. New York: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. Golfarelli, M. and Rizzi, S. (2009). A Survey on Temporal Data Warehousing.International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining, 5(1), pp.1-17. Kumar Madria, S. (2014). Data warehousing.Data Knowledge Engineering, 39(3), pp.215-217. Naeem, M., Dobbie, G. and Weber, G. (2011). HYBRIDJOIN for Near-Real-Time Data Warehousing.International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining, 7(4), pp.21-42.

A Night on the Lake essays

A Night on the Lake essays The story Greasy Lake written by T. Coraghessan Boyle had a special impact on me personally. I could relate to the characters and their rebel without a cause attitude. I was 19, thought I was bad, and there was nothing in the world that could stop me. Unfortunately I had a sobering incident at a lake similar to the guys in Greasy Lake. Like the characters, the setting of the lake where I got in trouble is going to have a sobering effect on me for the rest of my life. I was going to boarding school in Jacksonville, Florida at the time. My friends and I were young and we thought we were bad. Similar to the characters we would cruise the town at night looking for something to occupy our time, but we usually ended up at a local lake to just hang out. It was a place of refuge for us to relax and catch a high that would take us out of reality for sometime. Our reasoning for going to the lake was the same as the characters as the narrator explains here: We went up to the lake because everyone went there, because we wanted to snuff he rich scent of possibility on the breeze, watch a girl take off her clothes and plunge into the festering murk, drink beer, smoke pot, howl at the stars, savor the incongruous full-throated roar of rock and roll against the primeval susurrus of frogs and crickets. (129) The lake always provided a fun social atmosphere for my friends and I at the time, until the day it would change our lives forever. The night started out like any other night. I was with three of my friends that shared the same bad attitude as myself. We were cruising the strip looking for trouble without ever thinking of the consequences. We came to the conclusion that the best thing to do was go up to our lake, since it was a pretty dead night and we were sure to find some people up there. By the time we got to the lake we had a drank some alcohol and smoked a little pot, but to us this was ...

Key problems at Edit 4U and recommendations Essays

Key problems at Edit 4U and recommendations Essays Key problems at Edit 4U and recommendations Essay Key problems at Edit 4U and recommendations Essay Drury ( 2008 ) has defined direction accounting as â€Å"†¦ the proviso of information to people within the administration to assist them do better determinations and better the efficiency and effectivity of bing operations.† Making the most effectual and efficient determinations is one of the most critical things to make because this leads to a successful growing and profitableness of the company. Assorted places like the Board of Directors make these important determinations every twenty-four hours in order to function the shareholders’ involvements and to do certain that the concern will go on to run in the hereafter. The determinations are made utilizing competent direction accomplishments, different managerial experiences and whether the direction chose to be a hazard taker or a hazard averse. Edit 4U ( E4U ) is a household owned concern who provides redaction and layout service for magazines. The concern was set up with the purpose to be profitable and to vie with other concerns in the same field whilst the economic system of Ireland is dining. As a get downing business- jobs and troubles could non be avoided which is the ground why this study has been commissioned. The study will supply information and concern advice to decide jobs that Mr. and Mrs. O’Sullivan is presently sing. The cardinal issues of the concern will be analysed and examined to be able to give the right solutions and recommendations to Mr. Sean O’Sullivan. Different direction accounting techniques would be endorsed in order to better the public presentation of the concern. KEY ISSUES The cardinal issues that have been found whilst the analyzing the concern is as follows: I.Costing Method Pricing occupations or merchandise costing is one of the cardinal issues that Sean and Mary are presently confronting. Sean does non cognize how to be a service per column occupation which has led to inaccurate fiscal statements and false figure of gross ( Banker A ; Hughes, 1994 ) . A direction accounting research by Brignall, et Al ( 1991 ) have mentioned that merchandise costing are used for ‘ stock list rating, merchandise pricing, mix determinations and for direction planning and control’ . It is indispensable that a concern cost their service right because it helps the direction make better determinations towards the profitableness of the concern. The cost-plus pricing could be an option that Edit 4U could utilize because this determines the merchandising monetary value and costs of the service they offer. This is calculated based on Sean’s chosen net income border for the company. Furthermore, Edit 4U could utilize a merchandise costing system which helps to be products/ services based on the demand for the occupation. Marginal costing, soaking up costing and activity based costing are some of the bing methods that Sean could utilize to accurately monetary value the column services that they offer to their clients. The Activity Based Costing ( Garg A ; Rafiq, 2002 ) method `†¦aid strategic determination devising, it act as a lens into the concern procedure leting resources to be expeditiously allocated and to enable cost decrease and in conclusion, it is an allotment mechanism that transfer pricing internal and external to the organisation’ . This indicates that the footing of allotment which a theoretical account is shown in Appendix 1should be considered to be implemented throughout the company because this will divide up the costs that are allocated consequently to its cost Centres. The method ensures that costs are being driven by the right cost Centres and they are exactly measured. Enforcing a direction accounting technique will ensue to a better service pricing based on the customization of each client ( Caplan, 2014 ) . However, in order to make these more information is needed from the concern. For illustration, Sean should account for all the relevant costs because this will back up him to take the most efficient determination with respects to the hereafter of the concern. Options should besides be considered because this will move as insurance in instance the first determination fails. In add-on, more information like how much work is allocated to a customized redaction service ; the type of merchandise mix that they are traveling to offer that could give high soaking up rate and how much is the demand for their service. These are some of information that would be required from Sean and Mary to to the full set a monetary value on services that they offer. Equally good as supplying extra information it is recommended that Sean and Mary use the client profit ableness analysis ( Epstein, 2000 ) which is shown in Appendix 2. II.Planning and Control The following cardinal issue to be raised is the deficiency of separation between the family and the business’ disbursals since Sean utilizations portion of their place as an office. The Activity Based Costing will assist Sean and Mary to allocate the cost more accurately with respects to the disbursals used in the concern. The deficiency of planning and control in the concern could take to hapless determinations being made, hapless hard currency flow, and they could be taking the business’ objectives to a incorrect way ( Lucey, 2009 ) . The Cost Volume Profit ( Drury, 2013 ) analysis â€Å"examines the relationship between alterations in activity and alterations in entire gross revenues gross, costs and net profit.† The analysis is a direction accounting technique that determines how many products/ services can a concern green goods in order to breakeven. This means that the analysis could let the direction to happen out how much services they can offer in order for the concern to gain net income. The analysis is besides used to pull the border of safety that will demo the scope of units before the concern will happen some loss. Using this sort of direction accounting technique could forestall Sean from doing the incorrect determination for the company. However, the analysis will non work if there is non adequate information available which makes it impossible for the concern to build the cost volume net income analysis right ( ACCA, 2014 ) . Some of the information that will be needed to bring forth the analysis is the expected gross revenues of the concern, the variable cost, the fixed costs and the part per unit of the merchandise. Therefore, it is recommended that the concern should go on on utilizing the accounting system that they already have because this will guarantee that the grosss and disbursals are accurately accounted for. Furthermore, this will do certain that the books remain balance and their VAT returns will be addressed right. III.Business Venture The last issue that will be analysed and discussed is the prospective concern venture that Sean will come in with Fergus. There are Numberss of concerns that would necessitate to be resolved in order to do the right determination for Edit 4U’s concern venture ( Datar, et al. , 2012 ) . The first concern is the loan that Fergus will borrow from Sean to pay for the printing and distribution costs. I would propose to Sean to make a full background and recognition cheque on Fergus before he agrees to make a concern venture with him. The ground for this is that Sean demands to do certain that Fergus is a believable individual and has a clean repute amongst Bankss and edifice societies. If Fergus has a bad repute as a man of affairs, so this could post great menaces and hazards to the concern venture and could stain Sean’s concern repute. However, if Sean wants to prosecute the concern venture so he would necessitate to come in into a contract with Fergus that contains all the conditions that Sean has with respects to any jobs in the hereafter sing Fergus’ credibleness. Sean will necessitate to retrieve that even though they have a contract, he could non alter the public’s sentiments towards him if there was a dirt about the concern venture. The 2nd concern would be the failure to budget the hard currency flows of the concern. Budgeting is a direction accounting technique which ensures that the hard currency out flow and inflow will be accounted ( Russell, et Al, 2001 ) C. Using this technique Sean and Fergus would be able to be after and do determinations about the hereafter of the concern and they can accurately cognize the costs and predicted grosss. If the concern does non utilize any accounting technique so it will be hard for the direction to find the public presentation of the concern and they will non be able to run into their aims. Last, Sean should be cognizant on how many yearss their creditors are giving them because if the company fails to pay these creditors in clip they will be given non to swear the company and discontinue making concern with Edit 4U. The worst instance scenario is the company traveling to travel on bankruptcy ( Agarwala A ; Taffler, 2008 ) . Using personal recognition cards and overdraft installation as a capital is non the most efficient manner to finance a concern because this could take to paying higher involvement rates that will incur each month. In order to avoid losing the creditor’s yearss a direction accounting technique called ‘accounting ratio’ should be practiced. Patton has mentioned on his Accounting reappraisal in 1982 that ratio analysis could be really utile in countries like ‘analysis of concern minutess in markets that may non be efficient ; contractual bounds based on accounting rations and public presentation anticipation and hazard rating in an efficient market’ . Some people might believe that accounting ratios are non utile but in fact these ratios could steer the direction of the company to whether the concern is executing good and it could besides uncover how many yearss their creditors would necessitate to be paid and when they are traveling to have hard currency influxs from their debitors. However, if more information like the fiscal studies is available, it is possible for the company to to the full analyze and see the public presentation of the company. The accounting ratio could assist the company pull off its hard currency flows efficaciously. Therefore, I would propose for Sean and Fergus to utilize the ratio analysis technique whether they go in front or non with the concern venture. CONCLUSIONS A ; RECOMMENDATIONS After analyzing and measuring the cardinal issues of Edit 4U, I conclude that Sean who started the concern along with his married woman Mary should utilize and implement a figure of direction accounting techniques in order for their concern to be enhanced, to turn and to place the costs expeditiously. As a direction adviser, I would urge for Mr. and Mrs. O’Sullivan to utilize the undermentioned: Activity Based Costing to be the service that Edit 4U offers and to apportion the costs efficaciously to each cost drivers. The Profitability Analysis should be used to calculate the profitableness of a undertaking and the concern. Cost Volume Profit ( CVP ) Analysis ( CSUS, 2014 ) should be used to be able to cognize when the units of end product and the sum of grosss breakeven. Budgeting and accounting ratios are used to analyze the concern venture between Fergus and Sean. These direction accounting techniques could give the two parties a better image of the public presentation of the concern. In add-on, these techniques could give them the most of import information needed to do determinations and send on their program. Therefore, after accounting the most of import key issues, it has been identified that more information is needed from Sean with respects to the past records and past public presentation of the company in order to utilize the direction accounting techniques and to acquire the most accurate consequences. The more accurate the consequences are from utilizing these techniques, the more accurate the determinations are made for the company.

Recyclng Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Recyclng - Research Paper Example Recycling of water is an important factor for using the water continuously. This works best for the countries which are landlocked. The role of recycling paper is to decrease the amount of trees being chopped down for paper. Deforestation is a genuine worldwide issue as trees not just furnish oxygen; they also take in and ingest carbon dioxide. When a tree is chopped down, all the carbon dioxide that it has is discharged into the environment and donated to the nursery gases. The effect of recycling paper is that it might be made into different things, for instance, the paper that has been recycled could be transformed into another item like a pencil case, and so forth. The science in recycling paper is that the paper is changed over back in its crude materials. It goes from a finalized feature to its crude materials to either make something of new or of less worth (less value paper). It utilizes chemicals and water to disintegrate the paper into a stringy mash, which is transformed i nto paper again. Recycling of paper is utilized to tackle the worldwide issue of deforestation which has led to cutting down of forests that is potentially harmful for human beings in future (Anderson, 2003). Recycling has several benefits for the society and the community as a whole. Recycling has been part of the green drive, which is popular among the youth these days because of broad communications and promotion. There is a ton of social mindfulness about nature's turf and a standout amongst the most well-known people who are assisting the earth towards recycling. Recycling is almost always lectured encompassing the planet. It is currently a standard practice and a social standard. Due to tremendous societal benefits organizations and partnerships work on recycling along with advertising their particular products. This helps give people the picture that they are supporting the recycling and in favour of green earth, free from pollution. Recycling has been integrated completely i n to the daily lives of the human. Discussion Why Recycle? Areas which have utilized for landfilling have been continuously over utilized by the waste disposal management companies. Landfill creation has now been made more demanding because of stringent ecological regulations. The population have been increasing along with the demand for land used for disposing of waste. Similarly, offset is not possible because population needs more land and the landfill areas are contaminated due to dumping of hazardous waste. In the meantime, numerous old landfills were arriving at limit and governments were shutting down thousands more substandard landfills (Highfill & McAsey, 1997). This accelerated expanding costs and a quest for transfer to alternate plans, which, in turn, influenced each of the different phases of the technique stream. Waste directors carried thoughtfulness regarding different methodologies: diminishing the amount of waste at the source, gathering waste so it could all the m ore effortlessly be recycled or composted, handling waste more cost efficiently, and, at every stage, tending to ecological concerns. The successful integration and development of recycling techniques have resulted in cost efficiency along with more sustainable and cheap waste management techniques. Without a doubt, in certain neighbourhoods, recycling is unmanageable. Yet frequently, the aforementioned groups are still recycling at extreme level and are treating recycling as an agenda to include onto their

Digital media research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Digital media - Research Paper Example Digital media in the sports and entertainment industry has enabled greater growth and innovation. This is, through enabling industry players, to implement a single foundation networks that serve their business and aids in its growth. It improves content protection via integration of data into an end-to-end system that aids in the reduction of piracy, which was a cause of huge pilferage, thus increasing revenue. Digital media ensures the delivery of virtually limitless, which has allowed sport to attract new audiences at a lower cost (Rayburn, 2012). Digital media also improves fan engagement, which is achieved by transforming the venue, whether for sport or entertainment. This will involve the delivery of live video and custom-made content to all monitors at the venue. The broadcast television industry will be a major beneficiary of digital media in the next five years, especially with the convergence revolution. Convergence is a trend via which various aspects of telecommunication, broadcasting, and computing are brought together into one digital bit-stream (Hutchins, 2012). Television revenues are bound to increase significantly, especially as most sport-oriented TV stations have their own integrated TV-mobile-computer system. For example, ESPN already has ESPN mobile, which offers to stream video, as well as other NFL content that could significantly enhance the NFL product. This will see subscriptions and advertising revenues increase, as will the number of channels as more quality content becomes available with the evolution in digital media content. 2. How do you see E-Commerce evolving in the next five years? Identify the trends in E-Commerce, Mobile Commerce and Social Commerce (Sales made directly through social networks or sales made from social media referrals) today and where you expect them to be in five years. Mobile commerce is growing faster than social commerce. E-commerce in 5 years will become a concept that is very inseparable from the inter net, especially as e-shopping becomes more natural and popular. Simultaneously, severe rivalry in e-commerce services is expected to intensify the development of e-commerce. Therefore, the future trends inherent in e-commerce are evolution and growth of internet sales (Laudon, 2010). As more people become held up by household and work duties, the internet will avail them with the opportunity of saving time and getting the best prices. Additionally, since the internet has removed the factor of geography from sales, the tendency of quantity to quality inherent in e-commerce will become more obvious. Therefore, to survive e-store-owners will have to employ opportunely modern technologies to achieve appealing presentation of goods, user friendliness, and attractive design in order to attract more e-customers. Firstly, current trend in mobile commerce involves location based mobile advertising that is used to drive in-store traffic whereby businesses use mobile advertising as a means of driving foot traffic. Secondly, it involves using SMS to build databases and send out messages to customers to inform them of sales and mobile exclusives. Thirdly, QR codes whereby retailers implant the codes into mail, magazines, and posters, which can be read using mobile devices and give information regarding the business (Agudo, 2009). A trend that is expected to escalate

Meaning of Life Susan Wolf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Meaning of Life Susan Wolf - Essay Example The meaning of life comes from within us and is not granted from without. I find this as the most convincing as regarding the question to the real meaning of life. This is surely the greatest way to perceive life-one’s own life, the life of a nation, a species, the world, and all living things. The meaning of life comes to us when we do things that our heart and mind desires, things that seem of importance to us. Otherwise, doing things that draw boredom since they seem not of much interest ton us does not bring the meaning of living into us. We can realize the idea of meaningless existence and the meaningless of life if we keep on doing things that bear no fruits to us and brings nothing (Taylor 433). It surely has no meaning to perform an activity that has been drawn repeatedly but, have no direction and purpose of it. With this, the objective of existence is meaningless. Richard Taylor draws this idea from our lives, and that of the animals, the endless activities that get nowhere. However, he also says that if this is what one is willing to per sue then the idea of meaning of life comes in. At one point, we ask ourselves why we do things repeatedly without getting anything out of it, a perfect image of meaningless existence.... t that he wants to work on, he must have the ability to be able to contribute in a positive manner to that project, and lastly the project that he is working on should be worthy in an independent manner of its own. A man must be able to have the strength to look back at his life when it is about to get over, and at that time, be satisfied truly to an extent that he feels as if his life has had some meaning or the other. (A., 2010) â€Å"What is perhaps most distinctive about my conception of meaning, or about the category of value I have in mind, is that it involves subjective and objective elements, suitably and inextricably linked. â€Å"Love† is at least partly subjective, involving attitudes and feelings. In insisting that the requisite object must be â€Å"worthy of love,† however, this conception of meaning invokes an objective standard: it is implicit in insisting that an object be worthy of love (in order to make a contribution to meaning in the lover’s life) that not any object will do.† (Wolf, Susan) The main aim of living one’s life, writes Wolf, should be of an objective worth and not subjective worth. Wolf writes that most people try to base or model their lives on people who inspire them and make them feel as if their lives were full of and ‘in’ meaning. Most people pick and motivate themselves by understanding actions of people who have benefited humanity at large, for example Mother Teresa and Albert Einstein. She writes that people must be able to feel satisfaction and fulfilment in order to find a sense of meaning in their lives. However, a person must carry out his own actions and achieve everything that he does on his own and according to his own merit in order to feel like he has done something meaningful which will make him happy and worthy

Barriers and Methods for Inter-Professional Healthcare

Barriers and Methods for Inter-Professional Healthcare Understanding inter-professional healthcare In the field of healthcare, inter-professional healthcare is important while facing every patient. In this report, it will list out what is inter-professional healthcare, methods to implement and consider the benefits and the barriers to the implement. Definition of inter-professional healthcare Inter-professional healthcare seems to be a hard term; in fact, it is used to refer to â€Å"two or more professions working together as a team with a common purpose, commitment and mutual respect† (Freeth et al. 2005, cited in Dunston et al., 2009, p. 6). In a simple explanation, inter- professional healthcare is a group of medical professions work as a team and request teamwork to achieve their goal, as known as cure the patients. The definition of teamwork is Interdependent performance become possible which according to actual behaviors, cognitions and attitudes. (Sallie et al., 2013) Methods used to implement inter-professional In teamwork, three essential, overlapping jobs are need, which is coordination, communication and shared responsibility (Hayes, 2014). Here are some methods can be do during inter-professional healthcare. Team discussion Problem solving through a team discussion is one of the methods. During discussion, defining problem and goals decision is needed which making a clear direction for the team for follow and achieve it. Also, opinions seeking about the problem form appropriate profession may help the team to discuss and expand the problem. Each member contribute their own unique professional perspective may make the problem become easier to solve. After giving opinions and advices, it is possible to plan out some possible solutions or patient handling plans. Giving opinions about each solution then evaluate them and choose the best one to process. At the end, summarize the plan and agree on distribution of tasks across team members (Hayes, 2014). Conflict management Another method can be apply on inter-professional healthcare is conflict management. No matter in any discussion, conflict may be occur and disturb the progress of problem solving. The meaning of professional diversity is â€Å"the conflict is inevitable, but also necessary† (Hayes, 2014, p.9). According to helpguide.org, the ability to successfully resolve conflict as follow: manage stress as soon as possible while people still remain alert and calm, self-emotion and behavior management, the feelings which people being expressed has to be careful, also be aware of and respectful of differences. (Conflict resolution skills, n.d., para.9) Benefits of inter-professional healthcare For benefits, it can be divided into four groups: patients, health care professional, educators or students, and health care delivery system. Patients With healthcare professional applied inter-professional healthcare, the outcomes of patient are improved. Also, the patient will have an effective care and reduce in costs and mistakes form the professional (Menken, 2011). Health care professional In health care professional, continuous interaction, coordinated efforts and knowledge sharing among the professionals is needed during work (american speech-language-hearing association, n.d., para.1). With inter-professional healthcare applied, the professional may improve the skills which mention above. Furthermore, according form world health organization, it point out that each professional may learn about, with and from different professional members (world health organization, 2010) Health care delivery system According to American speech-language-hearing association, it point out that the health care system are facing an impact on several problem, such as the health care practitioners requirement increase, the number of health care practitioners having retirement in increase, greater demands being placed on existing health care professional by increasing complexity of patient care, ETC.(American speech-language-hearing association, n.d., para.2).With inter-professional healthcare, the human resources can be used to move toward optimal health-services and better health outcomes (world health organization, 2010). Barriers to inter-professional healthcare implementation Difficulty may appear while doing inter-professional healthcare. Here are some examples which may cause it hard to proceed. Miscommunication Quoting the words form a physician leader at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, â€Å"the communication line just wasn’t there. We thought it was, but it wasn’t. We talk to nurses every day but we aren’t really communicating.† (gittell, 2009, p.5). Communication is the main part in inter-professional healthcare. it is needed in every case, which helps the healthcare professional to understand the problem, doing discussion and plan a solution. When communication is misleading, problem solving will be disturb and hard to process. Miscommunication may occur in these situations: things happen in high frequency of changing and working with different professional. Things in rapid changing Things happen which rapidly changing may lead to miscommunication. Quoting the words from a nurse administrator at Massachusetts General Hospital â€Å"miscommunication between the physician and the nurse is common because so many things are happening so quickly.† (gittell, 2009, p.5). Giving an example, the patient in and out of the hospital is so quick. Working with different professional Every patient is a unique case, the need of the patients are different. As a result, the healthcare professional needs to work with different professional with different background. Giving an example, caring a diabetes patient in general needs a dietitan, oral health, podiatrist, GP, physiotherapist, MRS, OT and optometrisits. With different professional background, each of the professional has different level of understanding in the problem. The hardest part is let the team member understand other professional view. Quote back the physician leader from about, they seem to be communicating with nurses every day, but they cannot understand their words (gittell, 2009, p.5). For suggestion, different professional have to explain to the team member their wording because some of them may not appear in other field. Conflict management Good management of conflict may improve the effectiveness of the team, in opposite, bad conflict management may become a barrier to implement inter-professional healthcare. According to helpguide.org, one or both parties feel a dangerous in a situation is a conflict (Conflict resolution skills, n.d., para.6). in a simple way to express, two members of the team arguing the treating method for a patient and both members don’t give off their opinion. If the conflicts cannot be solved, it continues to fester (Conflict resolution skills, n.d., para.6) and have a possibility of harming the health of the patient. Clam the member down, discuss the problem again and finding the most suitable solution is the idea of solving a conflicts. Conclusion In conclusion, due to the problem we are facing in healthcare industry, such as healthcare professional loss, funding in medical field, ETC., inter-professional healthcare may become more important and be the best way to use most of the human resource, But there are some difficulty to proceed. In most of it, explain and conflict control are the solution. References: Dunston, R., Lee, A., Lee, A., Matthews, L., Nisbet, G., Pockett, R., Thistlethwaite, J., White, J. (2009).Interprofessional health education in Australia: The way forward.Retrieved from http://www.rilc.uts.edu.au/pdfs/wayforward.pdf Weaver S. J., Feitosa J., Salas E., Seddon R., and Vozenilek J. A. (2013), the theoretical drivers and models of team performance and effectiveness for patient safety. In Eduardo Salas, Karen Frush (Eds.), Improving patient safety through teamwork and team training (pp. 4). New York,NY: Oxford university press. Hayes M. (2014). Inter-professional Teamwork in Healthcare [PDF]. Retrieved from https://uonline.newcastle.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-2233251-dt-content-rid-6106527_1/courses/CRS.107575.2014.S1/Interprofessional%20Teamwork%20in%20Healthcare.pdf Segal J., Smith M. (2014). Conflict Resolution skills. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/eq8_conflict_resolution.htm Menken M. (2011). Interprofessional Healthcare Education Means Better Patient Care. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://explorehealthcareers.org/en/issues/news/Article/252/Interprofessional_Healthcare_Education_Means_Better_Patient_Care World Health Organization (2010). Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Retrieved form http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/WHO_HRH_HPN_10.3_eng.pdf?ua=1 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2008), Why is greater emphasis being placed on interprofessional education in health care? What impact will it have on the education of audiologists and speech-language pathologists? Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.asha.org/academic/questions/Interprofessional-Education/ Jody Hoffer Gittell (2009). High Performance Healthcare. The United States of America: McGraw-Hill.

Golf :: essays research papers

Sales and Marketing. â€Å"After create the product and get it to work, then you convince the consumer that they have always wanted and need it. We start with the central that the product is better, and we cam prove to them that it is better. Then we get the professional endorsement, get enough consumers to test it, and figure out what the advertising should look like† Sales 1. USA a. Off-course. 65% of CGC bussines. In five years numbers of retail off-course have increased from 1500 to 2000 b. On-course. In five years numbers of retail on-course have increased from 5000 to 7,000 i. Do not have time to spend with customers and to sell the products because they are running courses, giving lessons, selling shirts and renting golf clubs. c. No one client accounted for more than 5% of revenues. d. About 1/3 o off-course shop sold 2/3 of productds an 2/3 of on-course sold 1/3 of products e. Although on-course were considered vital to CGC, the company relied more heavily on off-course shops because the were generally better financiated f. â€Å"CGC maintained a one price policy with all customers† Thus, it provided no volume discounts, whether a customer did $ 10000 or $ 40 million of business a year† g. Callaway Golf Sales Company, CGC sold this product to customers via i. regional field representatives, ii. in house telephone salespeople iii. customer services representatives. h. Salesperson divided customers into three groups, A – B – C. which they visited weekly, monthly or four times per year depending the importance of the account i. Outside salesperson i. Maintain inventory ii. Running Demo days. 30 – 40 days per year by each salesperson. These events allowed golfers to compare CGC clubs with them culbs iii. Taking customers orders iv. Provide customers seminaries v.

Democratization processes Essay

Here it is important to mention that foreign economic aid constitutes one more vital facet of globalization influence upon expansion of democratization processes as it is a foremost resource of capital for developing countries. During the early phases of their economic development, developing nations often rely extensively on financial backing from a range of sources (Arblaster, 1999, p. 39). To a considerable degree, the results of their economic advance depend substantially on the accessibility of capital and foreign financial assistance. Being refused of such aid, some of developing countries would never economic development and win their place in the global markets. But foreign allocations in most cases require accomplishment of specific conditions usually related to forcing developing countries to liberalize and rationalize their economies which is impossible without democratic changes implementation (Imai, 1996, p.8). Inclusion in the system of world economic relations constitutes a source of influence of democratic ideas prevailing in industrial world upon the society of developing nation. Thus, international political and communicative ties deriving from high contemporary level of development of global information systems are one of the critical external factors encouraging middle class to perceive democratic values such as individual liberties, eligibility right etc. Along with other internal factors it expands the social basis for opposition to autocratic regime (Shepherd, 1998, p. 48). Escalating trade and industry integration among the countries has considerably lessened the barriers between national economies, weakening the autonomy of national governments and their political control over their societies (Imai, 1996, p. 9). Thus, amplified economic internationalization confines the variety of options existing for national governments in preserving powerful centralized control.

Free Essays on Role Of Parents And Family In Children’s Drug Use

Over the past two decades, studies have shown that the influence of parents and family is a significant factor in children’s drug use. A large body of research findings shows that the family contributes both risk and protective factors to the lives of adolescents. It affects both vulnerability and resilience to drug abuse (NIDA Notes, May/June 1996). A series of studies confirm the role of parents and families in adolescents’ life choices, in which the objective was to identify risk and protective factors at the family, school, and individual levels as they relate to four domains of adolescent health and morbidity: emotional health, violence, substance use and sexuality (Resnick, 1997). Resnick studied over 12,000 adolescents, grades 7 through 12, and interviewed them one by one at home on varies problems mentioned above including substance use. The key finding is that being connected with their parents and families, sometimes with helps from school and peers, those tee ns are more successful in dealing with the existing or the potential substance abuse problems. He concludes that across all domains of risk, the role of parents and family in substance control is critical. Although the physical presence of a parent in the home at crucial time helps to reduce the risk of substance use, the more significant influencing factor is the parental connectedness. Other factors might include home settings and the frequent exposure to healthy environment. Homes that provide easy access to alcohol, tobacco, and other illegal substances increase the adolescents’ chances of being engaged in the activities which involved unhealthy substance using. This literature review explore several areas influencing adolescents’ substance use such as usage by parents, communication patterns of family patterns of family members, relationships to family member (attachment and connectedness), and the influences of family structure and the extended family. T... Free Essays on Role Of Parents And Family In Children’s Drug Use Free Essays on Role Of Parents And Family In Children’s Drug Use Over the past two decades, studies have shown that the influence of parents and family is a significant factor in children’s drug use. A large body of research findings shows that the family contributes both risk and protective factors to the lives of adolescents. It affects both vulnerability and resilience to drug abuse (NIDA Notes, May/June 1996). A series of studies confirm the role of parents and families in adolescents’ life choices, in which the objective was to identify risk and protective factors at the family, school, and individual levels as they relate to four domains of adolescent health and morbidity: emotional health, violence, substance use and sexuality (Resnick, 1997). Resnick studied over 12,000 adolescents, grades 7 through 12, and interviewed them one by one at home on varies problems mentioned above including substance use. The key finding is that being connected with their parents and families, sometimes with helps from school and peers, those tee ns are more successful in dealing with the existing or the potential substance abuse problems. He concludes that across all domains of risk, the role of parents and family in substance control is critical. Although the physical presence of a parent in the home at crucial time helps to reduce the risk of substance use, the more significant influencing factor is the parental connectedness. Other factors might include home settings and the frequent exposure to healthy environment. Homes that provide easy access to alcohol, tobacco, and other illegal substances increase the adolescents’ chances of being engaged in the activities which involved unhealthy substance using. This literature review explore several areas influencing adolescents’ substance use such as usage by parents, communication patterns of family patterns of family members, relationships to family member (attachment and connectedness), and the influences of family structure and the extended family. T...

Of This I Am Certain Essay Example

Of This I Am Certain Essay Example Of This I Am Certain Essay Of This I Am Certain Essay A wise man once said â€Å" There is no elevator to success, you have to take the stairs.† That wise man has had a huge impact on my life. That quote has motivated me to get a job and study hard so I can be successful.I am certain that I will get into my dream school. Although my grades have not always been amazing, I take time each night to study and progress my knowledge so I will be able to be successful in the future. School is not always as marvelous as some people make it out to be. Some students struggle to maintain average grades while others zoom past them in their quest for success. Unfortunately, I am a student who struggles to keep my average grades. On some occasions, it is effortless to get agood grade, however there is always a class that I struggle with. I find that if I put 100% into my hardest subjects, I usually do very well. I am a very dedicated student. I have never missed a homework nor have I ever gotten in trouble. I strive to be the best! This alone w ill greatly improve my chances of getting into my dream college. When I am at work, I am not always excited about it. However, I do know that having a job and gaining experience of what the real world is like is very helpful when colleges consider an application. I work at the YMCA as a lifeguard and instructor. Having life saving skills at this young age is ideal for living in the real world. If there was ever a time that someone needed my help, I would immediately be prepared for the situation.A few moths ago, I was working as a guard and an elderly woman had just gotten out of the pool. She began to sway and lose balance and proceeded to fall to the ground. I immediately got up and ran to her aid. It turns out that she had a heart attack and myself and a few other guards, saved her life. I believe that is a very unique skill and experience that not many college students have. I am certain that colleges will consider this particular skill and how important i

Exegetical Paper on Christ Hymn Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exegetical on Christ Hymn - Term Paper Example The Christ Hymn and the Early Christian Community In the opinion of Robert J. Karris, there are many possible backgrounds of the hymn as the large number of studies into the New Testament put forth. Some of them are Christ as the Gnostic redeemer, the Suffering Righteous, and finally, the ruler-worship that existed during the Greco-Roman period1. According to Martin and Martin, the early Christian message about Jesus should be considered in the political context of that time. According to the scholars, the teaching had to confront two political ideologies at the same time; the Roman and the Jewish2. An example is the imperial cult of Rome. According to the cult, emperors enjoyed divine sanction of authority. According to Christian apologists and martyrologists, the imperial cult was nothing other than an instrument of pagan impiety. Thus, it is clear that at the time the hymn was composed, Christians were already aware about their association with a godly kingdom when all other group s were in search of a new kingdom that would replace the naked power of Roman kingdom. However, it is rather surprising to note that despite Jesus’ trial, the persecutors are not mentioned in the hymn. The reason for this hiding, according to Martin and Martin is that identifying the persecutors would have resulted in a lot of trouble for the church. If the Jews were blamed, it would diminish all chances of persuading more Jews to join the church, and blaming the Romans would only result in more atrocities3. As R. P. Martin rightly points out, the hymn may have had one meaning in its original form and a totally different meaning in the context of Paul’s letter. For example, there were the Jewish-Christians who possessed over-realised, triumphalistic eschatology. In order to oppose these ‘enemies of cross’, Paul intentionally stresses on the death on a cross. To counter them, Paul put forward the theory of Jesus who took the form of a servant and who emptie d himself and humbled himself4. This Jesus, according to the hymn, did not take advantage of the equality with God. Instead, He took the appearance of a man and was obedient till death. The second point that attracts the readers is the claim that ‘every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue acknowledges that Jesus Christ is Lord’. To explain why Paul wanted to give Jesus such a cosmic leadership that placed Him above all others, R. P Martin points out the fact that since the time of Second Isaiah, it was common for various sectors of Judaism to consider various figures as closely related to, and sometimes equal to, God. Such figures were often considered as divine attributes, patriarchs or angels. Thus, the Christ hymn went one step ahead of them by giving Christ such a cosmic leadership that is above and beyond all other figures. As already said ‘every knee should bow and every tongue should acknowledge tat Jess is the Lord ’. According to R. P Martin, it is this need that made the composers of the hymn switch from the monotheistic God of Isaiah to Jesus. Another explanation is that the hymn was very vital for the early Christians to stay firm on their belief under the raw power of the Roman empires. In order to show how tolerant Jesus was, the hymn introduced a Jesus who decided to take the nature of a servant and humbled him by being

Lab 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lab 5 - Assignment Example For the debt collectors, it is revealed that they earn commissions based on the amounts they collect. Consequently, the debt collectors has been employing underhand tactics, harassment and even breaking the law, to accomplish desired targets. Some of the debt collectors have even resulted to using coercion and force in the pursuit of collecting amounts due. Some agencies have even resulted to breaking and entering personal property to recover debts due. The subsequent episodes show how a portion of the population is taking advantage of people in credit card debt through fraudulent means. Additionally, it is later revealed that credit companies, may actually be lying regarding credit card debt, repayment plans and interest rates. The credit card firms have also began selling accounts of customers in debt to collection agencies, which is illegal. That last two episodes are more advisory and reflective. They place emphasis on the fact that, in yester years, American citizens did not accrue so much date. In the last episode, viewers are advised against falling into the trap of credit card debt and for those already in debt, they should be vigilant. Indeed, credit card debt is termed as the next big crisis in America. 2) Caveat emptor is a legal principle that confers to the buyer, the responsibility of ensuring that the good/service bought, is operational and in good condition. In the legal and business sense, the credit card companies were not liable since, the parties were competent. Moreover, the credit card companies acted in good faith, since the economy was booming and they could not foretell the financial crisis (Andrews 2011). 6) As a judge, I would rule against the 30 year old because his history suggest he is mentally competent. Furthermore, the primary reason for his inability to repay the debt is financial irresponsibility and the credit crunch. 8) (A) I think

Three Metaphors, the Birth Rate, and Solutions Research Paper

Three Metaphors, the Birth Rate, and Solutions - Research Paper Example In a bid to solve its own problems, the self-contained village in Ireland closes the doors for any possible aid from foreign quarters. It is aimed at ensuring that the region’s internal problems are given a local solution through the cooperation of the haves and the have-nots. To consolidate its resolve, the region has developed a five-step solution that demonstrates the manner in which the locked region plagued with severe poverty could do if the rich and poor people really collaborate to achieve the desired emancipation of the poor: â€Å"I do not, of course, want to dispute the contention that governments of affluent nations should be giving many times the amount of genuine, no-strings-attached aid that they are giving nowI agree, too, that giving privately is not enough, and that we ought to be campaigning actively for entirely new standards for both public and private contributions to famine relief† (Singer 402-13). If this should be the case and the poor should be made part and parcel of the developed solution, then essential moral or proper Christian assistance will not be dissipated on producing inadvertent consequences like diseases, population explosion, famine, environmental corrosion, and hunger among others. Basically, the five-point solution involves the following initiatives: taxing absentee landlords; purchasing furniture and clothes produced only in Ireland; averting lavishness and conspicuous consumption to boost one’s discretionary income available for charity; prevailing upon landlords to be merciful to their tenants; and, finally, the working poor, once they become modest shopkeepers, have an obligation to remain modest merchants, regardless of the meagerness of their income.

Temporary monopolies and intellectual property rights Essay Example for Free

Temporary monopolies and intellectual property rights Essay What are the arguments for and against allowing temporary monopolies by allowing intellectual property rights? What forms of intellectual property exist for designs, and how are these different from patents and copyright? Knowledge and creativity are essential components in product innovation, and significantly contribute toward sustaining a competitive edge. Allowing temporary monopolies by allowing intellectual property rights have both pros and cons. Advantages of allowing a temporary monopoly by allowing intellectual property rights offers the benefit of protection from other competitors from benefiting from the innovation, and provides the opportunity to research and develop a product, and regain the costs involved in the process, to include make a profit. Disadvantages of allowing a temporary monopoly by allowing intellectual property rights include a decrease in potential in optimal creativity and innovation simply because no challenge exists typically produced when there are competitors. In addition, the consumer does not have the ability to explore and compare like and similar products, eliminating the opportunity to purchase the product of choice, to include purchase at a lower cost. Various forms of intellectual property exist for design. These include patent, copy and trade rights. A patent right allows for exclusive design and manufacturing, and protects the product from being sold by another competitor without license. Copyrights protect the original creativity of the inventor, and Trademark protects the design, the uniqueness of the product when sold in the competitive market. Reference: Tidd, J. Bessant, J. (2009). Managing Innovation Integrating Technological Market and Organizational Change, 4th Edition. (John Wiley Sons Ltd).

Need Importance Of Organization Commerce Essay

Need Importance Of Organization Commerce Essay Organization is the foundation upon which the whole structure of management is erected.Organization is associated with developing an outline where the overall work is divided into manageable components in order to facilitate the achievement of objectives or goals. Thus, organization is the structure or mechanism that enables living things to work together. In a static sense, an organization is a structure or machinery manned by group of individuals who are working together towards a common goal. Examples of organization: Corporations, governments, non-government organizations, armed forces, non-profit organizations etc. The term organization has been used in four different senses; Organization as Framework of Relationships:Organization refers to the structure and interactions among various job positions which are created to realize certain objectives. Organization as a process: Organization is viewed as a dynamic process and a managerial activity which is vital for planning the utilization of companys resources. Organization as a System:Organization is also viewed as a system. System concepts recognize that organizations are made up of components, each of which has exclusive properties, abilities and reciprocated associations. The constituent elements of a system are linked together in such complex ways that actions taken by one individual have far reaching effects on others. Organization as a Group of Persons:Organization is very often viewed as a group of persons contributing their efforts towards certain goals. Definitions: Organizations may be defined as a group of individuals large or small thatare cooperating under the direction of executive leadership in accomplishment of certain common object. -Keith Davis Organization is a system of cooperative activities of two or more persons. -Chester Barnard Organization is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose. -Mooney and Reily Organization is a harmonious adjustment of specialized parts for the accomplishment of some common purpose or purposes. Haney In its broadest sense, organization refers to the relationship between the various factors present in the given endeavor. Factory organization concerns itself primarily with the internal relationships within the factory such as responsibilities of personnel arrangement and grouping of machines and material control. From the standpoint of enterprise as a whole, organization is the structural relationship between various factors in an enterprise.- Spriegel 1.1 Need / Importance of Organization A renowned industrialist of U.S.A Andrew Carnegie when sold his company United States Steel Corporation , showed his confidence in organization by saying Take away our factories, take away our plants, our avenues of transportation, our money, leave nothing but our organization and we shall establish better factories.Since ages and all walks of life, organization has been playing a significant role. The importance of organization is as stated below. A tool for achieving objectives:Organization is an important tool in the hands of management for accomplishing the objectives of an enterprise. It facilitates administration and management: A sound organization increases efficiency, avoids duplication of work, avoids delay in work, improves managerial skills and motivates employees to perform their duties. It ensures optimum use of human resource: Good organization establishes individuals with interests, knowledge, skills, abilities and viewpoints. It enhances creativity: A well-conceived and comprehensive organization is the source of creative thinking and initiation of new ideas. Prevents Corruption: Enterprises which lack sound organization most of the times have problem of corruption. Sound organization helps to prevent corruption by raising morale of the employees. As a result of which employees are encouraged to work with higher efficiency, commitment and honesty. Fosters growth of enterprise: Good organization plays a key role not only in growth but also in the expansion and diversification of an enterprise. Eliminates overlapping and duplication of efforts: In a situation, where the distribution of work is not clearly identified and the work is performed in a haphazard manner there will be duplication and overlapping of efforts. As a good organization requires that the work be clearly assigned amongst employees, such overlapping and duplication is to be eliminated. Coordination: Various jobs and positions are linked together by structural relationship of the organization. The organizational process exercises its due and balanced emphasis on the coordination of different activities. 1.2 Principles of Organizing For timely and systematic completion of work it is must for every organization to adopt some techniques or principles. Thus these principles would be the deciding factor for the success or failure of an organization. Principle of Objective:All the enterprises whether large or small, set certain central objectives. Every element of the organization and organization as whole should be geared to the central objectives identified by the enterprise. Principle of Specialization: Precise division of work facilitates specialization. According to this principle, division of work among the employees should be based on their knowledge, skills, abilities, capabilities and interests. This would lead to specialization which would in turn lead to efficiency, quality and elimination of wastage of resources. The Scalar Principle: This principle is sometimes referred to as the chain command. There must be clear lines of authority running from the top to bottom of the organization and linking all the individuals in the organization. The Principle of Authority: Authority is an important ingredient of the organization structure. It is the tool by which the manager can create an environment where an individual can perform with greater efficiency. The Principle of Span of Control: This principle states that there is a limit to the number of subordinates that report to one superior. Supervision of too many people can lead to trouble and confusion. Also the superior will not be able to spare time to supervise each of his subordinate. It will also lead to increased complexity of the organization structure. The span of control depends upon a number of considerations. It is easy to supervise a large number of subordinates involved in routine jobs and working in the same room, whereas it is difficult to supervise highly diverse and specialized personnel scattered widely. The ability of the employee, their willingness to assume responsibility and the attitude of management towards delegating and decentralization should also be analyzed in detail while making a decision on span of control. The Principle of Unity of Command: This principle is basically about avoiding dual reporting. It states that every individual employee working in the organization should be kept in the supervision of one boss only. This principle eliminates the possibility of conflicts in instructions and fosters a feeling of personal responsibility for work. The Principle of Definition: Each individual in the organization should be made aware about his / her responsibilities, duties, authorities and relations with the other job positions in the organization structure. Principle of Unity of Direction: The basic motive for the existence of organization is the attainment of certain objectives. Major objectives should be split into functional activities and there should be one objective and one plan for each group of people. The Principle of parity of Authority and Responsibility: The responsibility for execution of work must be accompanied by the authority to control and direct the means of doing the work. The Principle of Supremacy of Organizational Objectives: The organizational goals and objectives should be given wide publicity within the organization. The people contributing to it should be made to understand that enterprise objectives are more valuable and significant and one should give higher priority to organizations objectives in comparison to personal motives. 1.3 The Process of Organizing 6 7 5 4 3 2 1 Fig. 4.1 Steps in Organizing From the Fig. 1.1 it is clear that organizing is a process involving multiple activities. The details of all these activities are as follows: Fixing the objectives of the organization: The top level management holds the responsibility of fixing the overall objectives of the organization whereas the middle level management fixes the departmental objectives and lower level management fixes the day-to-day objectives. The objectives decided by each of the level of management should be both specific as well as realistic. Finding activities must for achieving objectives: Once the objectives are fixed, the strategic level of management determines different activities that are required to be performed in order to accomplish the set objectives. This is a crucial stage as it helps to eliminate duplication, overlapping and wastage of efforts. Grouping the similar activities: All the activities which are similar in nature are grouped together to form departments. This is also termed as departmentalization. This leads to specialization. Ex: All the activities that are directly or indirectly related to management or development of the human resource like training, performance appraisal, recruitment are grouped together to form the Human Resource Department. Defining responsibilities of each employee: At this step the responsibilities of all the individuals working in the organization are clearly defined. This would ultimately lead to selection of right candidate for the right job. This brings about efficiency since each individual is aware about what he/ she has to do. Delegating authority to employees: In a situation where two or more individuals are working together for a common purpose it becomes necessary to clearly define the authority relationship among them. Each subordinate should know whom he has to report. Also each superior should be aware of the authority he has over his subordinates. Providing employees with required resources: After defining authority relationships, the employees must be provided with all the resources that are required for achieving the objectives of the organization. Coordinating efforts of all to achieve goals: This is the last and most important step in the process of organizing. Here the efforts of all individual employees, groups and departments are fetched together and coordinated towards the mutual objective of the organization. Ex: Let us consider a simple example where a company has decided to have one day picnic for its employees. Here it is clear that the objective is arranging picnic. The HR department would then list all the activities to be carried out for the successful execution of picnic. These activities would then be grouped based on the similarity, for instance arranging for breakfast, lunch and dinner on the day of picnic. Each of the members of this committee would in turn be assigned a particular responsibility like selecting the menu and so on. Each of the members will also be given authority with the assigned responsibility for efficient execution. Each of the committee formed, like the refreshment committee will then be allocated a budget to enable them to carry out the assigned duties. And most importantly efforts of all the committees or individuals must be coordinated to meet the central objective that is successful arrangement of picnic. 1.4 Organization Structure An organization structure specifies the various job positions and depicts how the same are formally divided, grouped and coordinated. It provides an appropriate framework for authority relationships. It is a means to help the management to achieve the organizational objectives. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. An organization can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organization will define the ways in which it functions and executes. Organization structure allows the expressed allocation of duties for different functions and processes to different entities such as branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organization structure affects organizational action in two major ways. Firstly, it provides a basis on which the standard operating procedures and routines rest. Secondly, it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision making process and thus to what degree their views shape the organizations actions. There are several reasons why designing an organizational structure is such an important aspect. Organization structure has a crucial impact on the organizations ability to Deal with contingencies Achieve a competitive advantage Effectively manage diversity Increase its efficiency and ability to innovate new goods and services 1.4.1 FormalOrganization The formal organization refers to the structure that is designed and prescribed by the management of the enterprise. It is defined as a hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve a common goal.A formal organization has its own set of rules and regulations that are to be followed by each individual in the organization. It depicts clear lines of authority and the superior-subordinate relationship also each of the individual is assigned specific duties and responsibilities. In a formal structure there are predefined objectives and the individual efforts are diverted towards achieving these objectives. According to Barnard, Any organization shall be considered formal at the stage when the activities of two or more persons are coordinated consciously to achieve the definite objective. Ex: College, Hospital, Company etc. Features of Formal Organization Authorities and responsibilities are clearly defined. It does not consider the emotional aspect. It is predetermined and purposefully created. Based on delegation of Authority. It provides for division of labor. Organizational charts are followed. Advantages It promotes discipline in the organization. It provides a basic structure of division of work and responsibility. Without such a structure it becomes very difficult for employees to agree between themselves on the duties and responsibilities of every individual. It gives a clear cut idea about the authority and responsibility of the individuals. Thus formal structure reduces confusions and brings clarity in working. The dependency is not on a single person. Decreases the possibilities and occasions of conflict. The formal organization helps to keep the firm operating despite of the changes in the work force. Eliminates duplication of work which in turn leads to effective utilization of resources. Disadvantages: At times the formal organization causes reduction in initiatives of the person working in the organization. It does not consider the emotions aspect. It may cause delay in work. 1.4.2 Informal Structures This is a shadow organization made up of the informal, but often critical, relationships between members of the organization. The informal structure has its presence in all the formal structures. Informal structure depicts the way in which individuals communicate and relate themselves with others beyond the formal structure. The informal structure develops through various frequent instances like having regular interaction, lunch, coffee with colleagues. According to J.L Massie, Informal organization is any human group interactions that occur spontaneously and naturally over long period of time. Features of Informal Organization The informal organizations are not depicted in the organizational chart. The informal organizations do not have any particular structure. It denotes human relationships beyond the formal organizational structure. Informal organizations are outcome of voluntary associations. The informal organizations develop out of personal preferences, beliefs, habits and understanding. Advantages: It is effective channel of communication in certain cases. It develops a sense of belongingness among the individuals. The gaps and deficiencies that exist in the formal organizations can be filled up by the informal organization. The members of informal organizations help each other in case of unforeseen events or emergencies. Informal group forces the manager to plan and act more carefully than he would otherwise. Informal organization is a check and balance on unlimited use of authority by a manager. Disadvantages: It operates based on the group psychology. The interests of the formal and informal groups may clash, leading to conflict making the job of managers difficult. The informal organizations may fall prey to rumors. It may cause problems by resisting changing at certain occasions. Fig. 4.2 Formal and Informal Organization Difference between formal and Informal Organization: Sr. No. Basis Formal Organization Informal Organization 1 Structure Predefined Undefined 2 Relations Formal Relations Personal Relations 3 Purpose To achieve organizational objective For social satisfaction 4 Dynamism Rigid Flexible 5 Leader Manager Voluntarily chosen 6 Communication Slow Fast 7 Nature Official Sentimental 8 Example Departments in the organization Group of trekkers 1.5 Types of Organization Structures Functional Structure The concept of functional organization was proposed by F.W. Taylor. In functional structures, individuals having identical skills and performing similar tasks are grouped together into formal work units, generally called departments. Members of functional departments share technical know-how, interests and responsibilities. Employees within the functional division of an organization tend to perform in areas of their expertise. The functional structure may differ according to the major functions of a business. Fig. 4.3.1 Functional Structure for Business Entity Fig. 4.3.2 Functional Structure for a Hotel Fig. 4.3.3 Functional Structure for a College Advantages: Specialization: The organizational efficiency increases as each of the employee performs the task as per his specialization. Reduced Workload: As each of the functional head is responsible for only one function work load is reduced. Flexibility: It is easier to accommodate a change with little or no difficulty. Improved Control: As each employee is in charge of one function only, it is easier to spare time to supervise all his / her subordinates. Mass Production: Due to specialization and standardization it becomes feasible to go for large scale production. Disadvantages Complex Relationships: An individual has several superiors due to which accountability for results cannot be easily fixed. Also cross functional relationships create confusion. Inefficient Administration: As same groups are controlled by various specialists, there is inefficient administration. Expensive: As large number of specialist need to be hired it adds to increase in cost. Ineffective Coordination: Each of the functional managers is bound to think only from the perspective of his / her department rather than the whole organization. Delay in decision making: Several functional specialists are involved in the process of decision making as a result of which decisions may be delayed. Divisional Structure In the divisional structure the organization is organized into various divisions based on four criteria product, market, process and location. Thus divisional structure is most suited for the organizations having a wide range of products, area of operation, work processes or customers. Each of the division has its own set of functional units like marketing, manufacturing, finance, HR etc. and is self-contained. Type Emphasis Example Product Goods Provided / Services Catered Market Target Customers / Clients Location Location at which activities are carried out Process Activities of same process Fig. 4.4 Divisional Structure based on product, market, location and process Advantages: Highly Flexible: Divisional structure can respond more quickly to the changing environment. Specific: Expertise focused on specific product, market, process or location. Coordination: The divisional structure leads to better coordination across functional departments. Clear Accountability: Divisional structuring provides clear correlation between the expense and profit of the individual divisions. The business objectives of the divisions can be formulated more objectively and the expectations can be better agreed. Ease of operation: Greater ease to modify the size by adding or deleting divisions. Disadvantages: Reduced economies of scale: Duplication of efforts across divisions leads to increase in the operating and administrative cost. Rivalry: Divisional structures may also result into rivalry as the divisions compete for resources. Divisional Affiliations: The employees feel more affiliated towards their own divisions and would still lack affiliation to the organization as whole. Supremacy of divisional goals: The divisional goals may have priority over the organizational goals. Matrix Structure: The matrix structure comes into existence when one organization structure is superimposed by the other. In this structure an employee is answerable to two immediate supervisors: a functional supervisor and a divisional supervisor. The functional supervisor is charged with overseeing employees in a functional area such as marketing or engineering. Divisional supervisors manage specific projects. They absorb employees from various functional areas to complete their project teams. The diagram below depicts the absorption of employees from Operations, Finance, and Marketing for project A and B. These employees report to both Managers at that point of time. President Manager -Finance Manager Marketing Manager Operations Manager Projects Project A Project B Fig. 4.5 Matrix Organization Structure Advantages: Flexibility: Increased flexibility in adding, removing or changing the activities to meet the changing needs. Motivation: If it is identified that a particular project is lacking proper motivation then it is provided to the concerned department. Development of skills: Since cross functional teams are formed, it leads to development of skills of the employees. Better Service: There is always a product or project manager answerable to the queries. Improved Strategic Management: Top level managers are freed from routine tasks to focus on strategic issues. Disadvantages: Power Struggle: Conflicts occur as there is overlapping of responsibility and authority. Slow decisions: The speed of decision making retards as there is shared decision making in the matrix structure. Increased Confusion: As there is dual reporting in matrix structure, it causes confusion. Increased Administrative and Managerial Overhead: Due to the duplication of routine activities the administrative cost increases and as specialized managers are hired for each of the projects and functions the managerial cost also increases. Professional Developed sidelined: Professional development is not given a priority due to time constraints of the project, so team members forgo opportunities to develop and improve. Network Structure: A network structure is a cluster of various organizations that coordinates its actions through agreements and contracts instead of hierarchy of authority. Rather than hiring individuals to perform all of its business activities, a company using the network structure depends on outside companies. The organizations using a network structure own only the core or essential components of the business and outsource the rest. It may, for instance, hire an outside advertiser to advertise its products. The network structure reduces costs and brings in flexibility because it utilizes external help as and when required. Creating a network-based company, however, means losing control over whatever processes the company has outsourced. Manufacturing Financial Consultancy Information Technology Core Group Advertising Agency Training Consultancy Fig. 1.6 Network Organizational Structure Advantages: Flexible: The most important advantage of network structure is that, it can quickly respond to the changing environment. As the business grows, organizations can enter into new partnerships and vice-a-versa. Cost Effective: As only the essential part of business is owned by the company and the other operations are outsourced, less number of individuals need to be hired leading to reduction in overheads. Efficiency: The overall efficiency of the organization increases as the tasks are outsourced to expert organization. Disadvantages: Coordination Problems: As the business functions are outsourced to different companies sometimes it would become difficult to coordinate all of these activities. Loss of control: There is always a fear of losing control over the core activities which would lead to uncertainties in the relationship. Political Pressure: The change in political scenario affects the organizations bearing network structure to a large extent. Increased Pressure: If there are problems of unemployment in the parent company due to outsourcing there are likely to be pressures on government to effect policy changes in this respect. Line and Staff Organization: The oldest and simplest form of organization is line organization. Line functions are those which have direct responsibility of achieving the objective of the venture. In this form of organization, a supervisor exercises direct control over a subordinate, authority flows from top to bottom of the organization. Here the chief executive heads the organization. This type of organization is also called as scalar organization. The concept of staff organization was developed by F.W Taylor. The objective of functional organization is to offer specialist services in the organization. Under this plan, specific functions common to all the departments are placed in the hands of an expert of that function. The line-and-staff organization combines the line organization with staff departments that support and direct line departments. Most medium and large-sized firms exhibit line-and-staff organizational structures. The distinguishing characteristic between simple line organizations and line-and-staff organizations is the multiple layers of management within line-and-staff organizations.   Company Secretary CEO Manager Marketing Manager -Finance Manager Operations Line Authority Staff Authority Fig. 1.7 Line and Staff Organization Advantages: Top managers relieved from routine work: In this organization line authorities focus on execution of work and are relieved from thinking function. Expert Advice: Line authorities are not autocrats as they are to take the advice from the experts or staff position. Efficiency: This results greater efficiency as the line managers spend much of their time on line functions. The line managers function more efficiently as they get support from staff positions. Easy Coordination: Thisorganization ensures co-ordination automatically as the line managers work along with staff officers. Disadvantages: Confusion: Line and staff organization are ambiguous in terms of organizational relationships, responsibility and authority. Conflict: Conflicts are common in line and staff organizations owing to unclear definition of authority the structure entails. Ineffective and erroneous Decision Making: It is not uncommon for line managers to feel threatened by the advice of staff members. In this case, line managers are liable to make decisions without staff member consultation. Such decisions are not always successful. Slower decision making: Decision making is slower in a line and staff organization due to its complexity and layers.   Costly: Most of the line and staff executives are experts in their fields and their appointment leads to heavy expenditure. Virtual Organizations The virtual organization is a network of independent enterprises, suppliers, customers linked by Information Technology. The virtual organization networks are usually temporary in nature. The significant attributes of virtual organizations are as mentioned below: Technology: The geographically dispersed partners connect to each other via electronic networks. Flexibility: It offers flexibility as the partners can link up as and when required. The structure evaporates as soon as the requirement is over. Efficiency: As each partner brings in his core proficiency the overall efficiency of the organization is bound to increase. Borderless: The boundaries that traditionally separate a firm from its customers, competitors and suppliers are eliminated. Advantages Boundary less: They are appropriate for affinity groups that are geographically dispersed. Suitable for short term initiatives: They are suitable and tailored for short-term initiatives with clearly defined objectives. Flexible: Virtual organizations are highly responsive to changing environment. Cost effective: As there is no physical existence there is little or no organizational overhead. Disadvantages Dependency on Technology: As the virtual organizations depend on Information Technology for coordination and interaction their efficiency may be affected by the limitations and problems inherent to these technologies. Difficult to manage: Since there is no physical existence, i